![]() In this study, we propose to use bubble eye goldfish to fulfill this requirement. Lack of either approach will delay the research. Ex vivo systems allow high-throughput screening of potent immunostimulant candidates, while in vivo confirmatory experiments are required for extensive testing at the industrial level. ![]() For such immunostimulant screening, it is essential to use both live animals raised in laboratory tanks and ex vivo analysis using freshly harvested immune cells. To prevent potential damage to the industry, immunostimulants and vaccination may be effective, if not complete 14, 15. Increased temperature triggers a stress response that suppresses the immune system of fish species 1, and such hyperthermia may impact the fishery. Most of those studies reported that a warm temperature is associated with increased infection resistance, while it is not always true for some contexts. Temperature alteration impairs fish immunity and develops infections as evidenced by increased infection rates and shortened lifespan in aquatic species 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13. Understanding such complex host–pathogen interactions requires efficient models models that allow in vivo, in vitro, and ex vivo studies will accelerate research in fish immunology and contribute to the fight against infectious diseases. Rapid temperature rises, often caused by heat waves, increase the risk of infection through a combination of accelerated pathogen growth and suppression of host immune defenses 1, 5, 6. Despite significant investments in infection control, including the use of antibiotics, the aquaculture industry is still affected by infectious diseases 1, 2, 3, 4. Failure to control infection can lead to colony collapse (i.e., death), which can be very damaging to the local industry. Infection control is key in aquaculture 1. These results indicate that the bubble-eye goldfish is a suitable model for ex vivo investigation of fish immune cells and that the temperature-induced infection susceptibility in the goldfish may be due to functional impairments of immune cells. We further conducted ex vivo experiments using the immune cells harvested from the eye sac and found that the induced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines was suppressed when we increased the temperature of ex vivo culture, suggesting that the temperature response of the eye-sac immune cells is a cell autonomous function. Injection of heat-killed bacterial cells into the eye sac resulted in an inflammatory symptom (surface reddening) and increased gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines observed in vivo, and elevated rearing temperature suppressed the induction of pro-inflammatory gene expressions. As known in many aquatic species, the common goldfish strain showed an increased infection sensitivity at elevated temperature, which we demonstrate may be due to an immune impairment using the bubble-eye goldfish model. In this study, we investigated a new application of bubble-eye goldfish (commercially available strain with large bubble-shaped eye sacs) for immunological studies in fishes utilizing the technical advantage of examining immune cells in the eye sac fluid ex vivo without sacrificing animals. ![]()
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |